Hydrocarbon Class 11 Formulas & Notes Hydrocarbons are composed of Carbon and hydrogen. it also described the types of hydrocarbons. • Saturated Hydrocarbon A hydrocarbon is said to be saturated if it contains only C—C single bonds. However, today we classify hydrocarbons on the basis of structure and not merely on the origin. All addition reactions in alkenes are possible. Hydrocarbons. The molecular formula for these compounds is CxHy. Aromatic compounds derive their names from the fact that many of these compounds in the early days of discovery were grouped because they were oils with fragrant odors. All organic compounds are divided into two broad classes based upon the pattern of chain of carbon atoms:. Important topics - Hydrocarbons (i) Classification of hydrocarbons (ii) Alkanes (iii) Alkenes (iv) Alkynes (v) Aromatic . If we look around us these hydrocarbons are widely distributed from fibre to petroleum, Coal to L P G used in daily life solvent in paints, dyes and drugs. 3. Overview. Hydrocarbons are widely used as fuels. They are used in the manufacturing of polymers such as polyethene, polystyrene etc. HYDROCARBONS are the compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only. Learn Videos. This measurement reflects how light or heavy a crude oil is compared to water. Have questions or comments? The hydrocarbons, which contain atoms linked on the open chain are known as open-chain compounds. 744 Chapter 21 • Hydrocarbons Section 221.11.1 Introduction to Hydrocarbons MAIN Idea Hydrocarbons are carbon-containing organic compounds that provide a source of energy and raw materials. Non-Hydrocarbon Components In addition to hydrocarbons, crude oils contain amounts of: Organic non-hydrocarbon, sulfur-, nitrogen-, and oxygen-containing compounds. Alkynes contain one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. Strong, stable bonds between carbon atoms produce complex molecules containing chains, branches, and rings. Alkenes contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Eg: C2H6 has more boiling point than CH4. Classification of Hydrocarbons There are many types of hydrocarbons, but in IGCSE chemistry we will be dealing with only 2 of them, Alkane and Alkene. Hydrocarbons Class 11 Notes Chemistry Chapter 13 • Hydrocarbon A compound of carbon and hydrogen is known as hydrocarbon. Alkyl halides can be converted to alkanes through various methods. Hydrocarbons are the organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen only, e.g., alkane, alkene and alkynes. Alkanes are very feebly soluble in water but they are soluble in non-polar solvents such as Benzene, CCl4, etc. The alkanes are saturated hydrocarbonsthat is, hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. The hydrocarbons can be classified in the following three categories, on the basis of the bonds present between carbon-carbon atoms. Less substituted alkenes formed as a major product. The general term aliphatic hydrocarbon refers to a compound that has a structure based on straight or branched chains or rings of carbon atoms. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. ⇒ Check: Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry. The alkanes can be produced from alkenes or alkynes through hydrogenation. They serve as lubricating oil and grease. Note: Alkanes with only even number of carbons atoms can be produced. https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/2/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FPurdue%2FPurdue_Chem_26100%253A_Organic_Chemistry_I_(Wenthold)%2FChapter_03%253A_Structure_of_Alkanes%2F3.1_Classification_of_Hydrocarbons, information contact us at info@libretexts.org, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Overview of Hydrocarbons. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. If it contains a great deal of long-chain hydrocarbons, the … The above reaction is called as “Sabatier-Sender son’s” reaction. Class 11. From Carboxylic acids through Decarboxylation: Most of the reactions involving the preparation of alkenes involve elimination process. 4 mins. As such, it was found out that Aliphatic hydrocarbons were derived from chemical degradation of fats or oils whereas aromatic hydrocarbons contained substances that were a result of chemical degradation of certain plant extracts. Hydrocarbons are the simplest class of organic compounds and are composed solely of hydrogen and carbon. For example, Carotenes is an organic pigment which is found in green leaves and carrots. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that are entirely made up of only two kinds of atoms – carbon and hydrogen. Another term used to describe alkenes is olefins. Open chain hydrocarbons are also called aliphatic hydrocarbons or acyclic hydrocarbons. The ability of hydrocarbons to bond to themselves is known as catenation. … The carbon atoms join together to form the framework of the compound, and the hydrogen atoms attach to them in many different configurations. Discuss the properties of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes and how to differentiate between them. They are of various type according to their structure. Terpenes are further classified by the number of carbons: monoterpenes (C 10), sesquiterpenes (C 15), diterpenes (C 20), etc. As such, it was found out that Aliphatic hydrocarbons were derived from chemical degradation of fats or oils whereas aromatic hydrocarbons contained substances that were a result of chemical degradation of certain plant extracts. As defined by IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, the classifications for hydrocarbons are: Hydrocarbons are classified into two categories known as open chain hydrocarbons and closed chain hydrocarbons. This class can be further divided into two groups: … General formula: C H. 2. alkenes ("olefins"): contain a single carbon-carbon double bond. The most common aromatic hydrocarbons are those that contain a benzene ring. For instance, alkanes, alkynes or alkenes, the amount of bonded hydrogen decreases in alkenes and alkynes. Classification of Hydrocarbons The compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen in their molecules are called hydrocarbons. 3. Chemical Classification: Hydrocarbons (contain hydrogen and carbon atoms) Summary: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of over 100 different chemicals that are formed during the incomplete burning of coal, oil and gas, garbage, or other organic substances like tobacco or charbroiled meat. Due to their different molecular structures, the empirical formula of hydrocarbons is also different from each other. 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Real-World Reading Link If you have ridden in a car or a bus, you have used hydrocarbons. Classification of Hydrocarbons. Alkanes. Classification of Hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons make up to 98% of natural crude rubber. More favoured in non-polar, aprotic solvents. General formula: C H. The four general classes of hydrocarbons are: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and arenes. Missed the LibreFest? Plus I will cover some concepts about a derivative of hydrocarbons called Alcohols. Study Materials The hydrocarbons can be divided into various homologous series. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Introduction to Hydrocarbons. Aromatic compounds derive their names from the fact that many of these compounds in the early days of discovery were grouped because they were oils with fragrant odors. They are as follow is. Terpenes (/ ˈ t ɜːr p iː n /) are a class of natural products consisting of compounds with the formula (C 5 H 8) n.Comprising more than 30,000 compounds, these unsaturated hydrocarbons are produced predominantly by plants, particularly conifers. Download hydrocarbons JEE Previous Year Solved Questions PDF. For more information contact us at info@libretexts.org or check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. e.g., methane (CH 4), … Alkynes can be prepared from alkyl halides and alcohols. The study of hydrocarbons can provide insight into the chemical properties of other functional groups and their preparation. The hydrocarbons differ both in the total number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in their molecules and in the proportion of hydrogen to carbon. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain ring structure… H2 gas is passed over a metal surface such as Ni, Pt along with the alkenes to produce alkane. Hydrocarbon. Meanwhile, cracking of Hydrocarbons is a process in which heavy organic molecules are broken down into lighter molecules. By using this definition, four classes of hydrocarbons are included: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic. Other catalysts which can be used are Pt, Pd-BaSo4, Adams catalyst (Pt2O) or Wilkinson catalyst (R3PRhCl), etc. CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS The term HYDROCARBONS means organic compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen. Legal. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. All these eliminations are β- eliminations. Boiling point depends on the following factors: Alkanes having high molecular mass and high boiling points. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Alkanes generally having low boiling and melting points owing to their weak Vanderwal’s interaction. Alkanes with 10 C-atoms or less are generally gases at room temperatures more than 10 C-atoms, the molecules are gases or liquid. For example, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 has more Boiling point. Alkenes are a class of hydrocarbons (e.g, containing only carbon and hydrogen) unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. There are two main classes of hydrocarbons - aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. Carbon has the ability to bond with itself to form long chains and, as a result, millions of compounds from simple hydrocarbons to large biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. In this following topic we will discuss different types of hydrocarbon. Furthermore, hydrocarbons such as propane and butane are used for commercial fuel purposes in the form of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Sometimes catalysts are used to speed up the reaction. Hydrocarbons can feature simple or relatively complex structures and can be generally classified into four subcategories, namely alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aren’t. Benzene generally undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions. Crude oil's classification as either “light” or “heavy” depends on the oil’s relative density, based on the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity. These organic compounds find their application in the manufacturing of drugs and dyes as a starting material. Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of the double bond. This is accomplished by supplying an adequate amount of heat and pressure. Benzene, one of the simplest aromatic hydrocarbons, serves as raw material for the synthesis of many synthetic drugs. The important fuels like Petrol, kerosene, coal gas, CNG, LPG etc. The four general classes of hydrocarbons are: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and arenes. However, today we classify hydrocarbons on the basis of structure and not merely on the origin. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. For example: Ethane CH3—CH3 • Unsaturated Hydrocarbon • Aromatic Hydrocarbon Benzene and its derivatives are called aromatic compounds. If the raw petroleum is of a high density then the petroleum classification is termed ‘heavy' and if it is of a low density the petroleum classification is termed 'light'. Watch the recordings here on Youtube! For example LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), CNG (Liquefied natural gas). Metallic compounds: zinc, titanium, calcium, magnesium, vanadium, copper, nickel, and iron. The chemistry of these compounds is called organic chemistry. Introduction to classification of Hydrocarbon: Organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. The classification was done based on their source and properties. Hydrocarbons are compounds comprised exclusively of carbon and hydrogen and they are by far the dominant components of crude oil, processed petroleum hydrocarbons (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, fuel oil, and lubricating oil), coal tar, creosote, dyestuff, and pyrolysis waste products. Within the exploration projects, shallow water projects are among the ones with highest profitability and least uncertainty. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbon - Hydrocarbon - Physical properties: The physical properties of alkenes and alkynes are generally similar to those of alkanes or cycloalkanes with equal numbers of carbon atoms. The classification was done based on their source and properties. Older chemists classified hydrocarbons as either aliphatic or aromatic. Classification of hydrocarbons’ exploration and exploitation projects 4 most profitable and largest ones (in terms of resources) are exploration projects. Hydrocarbons – organic molecules which consist only of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Typically, hydrocarbons are colourless gases that have very weak odours. Start studying Classifications of Hydrocarbons/ Functional Groups in Hydrocarbons. Classification of Hydrocarbons. That article is very good and simple for understanding the concept of hydro-carbons. Classification of Hydrocarbons. Gives more substituted alkene as major products. Alkanes are saturated, open chain hydrocarbons containing carbon-carbon single bonds. This is mainly due to the “self-bonding” or catenation of carbon that prevents the complete saturation of the hydrocarbon by the formation of double or triple bonds. Chemistry. Older chemists classified hydrocarbons as either aliphatic or aromatic. Density of oil is determined by the length of the hydrocarbons it contains. (hī'drōkär`bən), any organic compound composed solely of the elements hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbon Classification : Aliphatics: open chains 1. alkanes ("paraffins"): contain only carbon-carbon single bonds (are saturated). The organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen atoms are known as hydrocarbons. Alkanes having same molecular mass but having a different number of branches, the one with less branching has more boiling point this is because of the Vanderwal’s force weak on as area increases. Hydrocarbons and Oxides of Carbon: Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide Nomenclature and Preparation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Concepts, Q&A Classification of … Hydrocarbon, any of a class of organic chemical compounds composed only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Open-chain or Aliphatic Compounds; Closed-chain … Further, they possess large internal energy which renders them their importance. Depending upon the types of carbon-carbon bonds present, they can be classified into tree main categories: 1) Saturated Hydrocarbon 2) Unsaturated Hydrocarbon 3) Aromatic Hydrocarbon 4. There are 3 mechanisms suggested for the elimination reactions. This process plays a very important role in the commercial production of diesel fuel and gasoline. are all hydrocarbons or their mixture. The reducing agents which can be used are LiAlH4, NaBH4, NaNH2, etc. NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION OF HYDROCARBONS Nomenclature of Aliphatic Compounds According to IUPAC system, the name of organic compound, in general consists of the following parts. Hydrocarbons are the principal constituents of petroleum and natural gas. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. With such capabilities, they can form more complex molecules like cyclohexane and in rare instances aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene. The existence of hydrocarbons is seen in plants and trees. With the alkenes to produce alkane are included: alkanes with 10,... Understanding the concept of hydro-carbons, … classification of hydrocarbons is seen in plants and trees on their and. Different from each other constituents of petroleum and natural gas ), any organic compound composed of... 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