Anthracnose is a general word used to describe different varieties of diseases that cause damaging effects on vegetables, fruits, and trees. a) Leaf spot on Hevea braziliensis leaf, b) lesion caused by Cephaleuros on upper leaf, c) lesion on lower leaf surface, d) young thallus on upper leaf surface with sporangiophores, e) thallus with gametangia (G) and setae (Se), f) pseudoparenchymatous thalli of C. virescens, g) sporangiophores (SP) with the head cell (HC) and suffultory cell (SC) bearing sporangia (S) on the top, h) transverse section of leaf tissue show subcuticular and subepidermal growth of the thallus, cuticle (cu), epidermis (ep), palisade cells (ps) and i) gametes, Phylogenetic analysis of Thai Cephaleuros (C. virescens PSU-PR01) and other green alga (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) based on 18S rDNA sequences. Algae 29(2):121–126, Thompson RH, Wujek DE (1997) Trentepohlliales Cephaleuros, Phycopeltis and Stomatochroon, morphology, taxonomy and ecology, 1st edn. Various genotypes of M. rosae, i.e isolates that infect a specific cultivar or group of cultivars, are currently present. syringae; P. cichorii. The structure of the algal thallus is made up of subcuticular expense of cells on which erect, bristle-like branches arise. The spots are initially circular, slightly elevated and later coanesce to form irregular spots. Although aerophilic and ter-restrial, they require a film of water to complete their life cycles. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ (eds) PCR protocols, a guide to methods and applications. Algal leaf spot is a foliar disease most commonly seen in warm humid climates or in greenhouses. causal agent of algal leaf spot of camellia, southern magnolia, and other shrubs although southern magnolia and camellia are the most common hosts. Phaeosphaerella mangiferae Phoma sorghina Pseudocercospora mali Pseudocercospora subsessilis Septoria sp. It is commonly cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical areas and is an economically important source of natural latex rubber. They vary in color from a crusty gray-green to greenish brown. Verticillium lecanii. 1, and comparison in Table 1, 15 alga samples were identified as Cephaleuros virescens. Bootstrap values are shown on the branches and the GenBank accession number are shown in parentheses. It has been previously reported that algal leaf spot disease on rubber plants in Sri Lanka is caused by Cephaleuros parasiticus (Karst) (Munasinghe 1961; Jayasinghe 2001 ). The algae caused circular orange to dark brown lesions on both leaf surfaces. Algal leaf spot is characterized by grayish, green, brown or orange cushion-like blotches on the leaf surface. J Phycol 21:513–522, Article  Symptoms of the disease occurred on the leaves and fruit. The nucleotide sequence analysis of the Cephaleuros 18S rRNA using BLAST search revealed that our partial sequence was 707 bases long. Department of Pest Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand, Mutiara K. Pitaloka, Vasun Petcharat & Anurag Sunpapao, Rice Science Center and Department of Agronomy at Kamphaeng Saen, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand, You can also search for this author in Academic, San Diego, pp 315–322. View. To confirm the result from morphological characteristics, thallus of Cephaleuros was cultured on Bold’s basal medium (Bischoff and Bold 1963; Andersen 2005) and subjected to DNA extraction and PCR amplification. Leaf blight Bipolaris hawaiiensis. Algal leaf spot is sometimes called green scurf because the spots may have a crusty, fuzzy or flaky appearance. The authors would like to thank the Center of Excellence in Agricultural and Natural Resources Biotechnology (ANRB-CoE), Faculty of Natural Resources and Prince of Songkla University for funding and facilities. Specimens of algae have also been deposited at the Culture Collection of the Pest Management Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand, for further studies. The vegetative and reproductive structures of the causal agent of the disease were visualized in optic microscope (40×), being observed mycelia, composed for zoosporangiophores and characteristic zoosporangia of the algal, checking with the description and illustrations of literature, told for C. virescens Kunze. Algal leaf spot is a foliar disease most commonly seen in warm humid climates or in greenhouses. It has been previously reported that algal leaf spot disease on rubber plants in Sri Lanka is caused by Cephaleuros parasiticus (Karst) (Munasinghe 1961; Jayasinghe 2001). Recently, Cephaleuros solutus was reported causing a leaf spot on durian in Thailand (Pitaloka et al. The spots are generally 1/2 inch or less in diameter although they may coalesce to form larger colonies. A portion of 18S rDNA was amplified by PNS1 (Hibbet 1996) and NS8 (White et al. Green algae in the genus Cephaleuros are known to be parasitic on several woody plants. Fifteen specimens of algal leaf spot from Para rubber leaves were collected from Songkhla, Trang and Phattalung provinces, southern Thailand. Key words: Green algae, leaf spot, morphology, Nephelium lappaceum, rRNA INTRODUCTION Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.) In this study Cephaleuros virescens was found to be the causal organism of a leaf spot disease on Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis).The algae caused circular orange to dark brown lesions on both leaf surfaces. 2). Leaf Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) is a tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. 2014). is a large- sized, evergreen tree belonging to … https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-015-0158-1. The partial 18S rDNA gene region then was bidirectionally sequenced at the Scientific Equipment Center Prince of Songkla Unversity, Songkhla, Thailand. The symptoms on leaf tissues were then photographed. To summarize the main results, the plant parasite causing algal leaf spot was identified as Cephaleuros virescens, and in sequencing-based phylogenetic analysis the Cephaleuros PSU-R5.1 isolate from rambutan grouped with the algae in genus Cephaleuros. University of Texas Publication. 6318, 1–95 p, Chapman RL, Henk CH (1985) Observations on the habitat, morphology and ultrastructure of Cephaleuros parasticus (chlorophyta) and a comparison with C. virescens. PubMed Google Scholar. It is a fungus disease that attacks developing shoots and expanding leaves. Correspondence to The edges of the spots may be wavy or feathered. An initial denaturation step for 3 min at 95 °C was followed by 35 cycles of denaturation for 30 s at 95 °C, annealing for 30 s at 50 °C, and extension for 1 min at 72 °C, with a final extension step of 10 min at 72 °C. However, in summer when the alga is reproducing, the spots take on a velvety, red-brown appearanc… Morphological characteristics of the Cephaleuros spp. The genus Cephaleuros is a member of the Q J Rubber Res Inst Ceylon 37:49–50, Nelson SC (2008) Cephaleuros Species, the Plant Parasitic Green Algae. The disease does not cause severe economic loss. causing disease in Thailand. Abstract Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) © Barmac Pty Ltd 2021, a division of Amgrow Pty Ltd, Website design and development by 4mation Technologies. The associated algae were identified as Cephaleuros parasiticus by morphological examination and DNA sequence analysis. Furthermore, C. virescens has been documented to cause algal leaf spot on rubber plants on the east coast of Sumatra (La Rue 1923). © 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Algal leaf spot is sometimes called green scurf because the spots may have a crusty, fuzzy or flaky appearance. The presence of the pathogen on the leaf reduces the photosynthetic leaf area thereby affecting the growth of the tree. During September 2015, we observed orange to dark-brown algal leaf spots on leaves of Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen (sapodilla, lamoot) in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Google Scholar, Hibbet DS (1996) Phylogenetic evidence for horizontal transmission of group I introns in the nuclear ribosomal DNA of mushroom-forming fungi. Algal thalii were selected from fresh leaves and initially observed under a stereomicroscope. Site Feedback @2020 Plant Pathology Department University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Causal Organism of Guava Stem Borer. Cephaleuros spp. Fruit Canker (Restalotia psidii Pat.) Some Soil Algae from Enhanted Rock and Related Algal Species. Signs of the disease are often found on the leaf surface in the form of burnt-orange to brown spots (Nelson 2008). This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Show abstract. Black spot is the most serious disease on roses in Florida. Leaf spot Curvularia lunata Leptosphaeria sp. In this study Cephaleuros virescens was found to be the causal organism of a leaf spot disease on Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). Hendersonia rot Hendersonia creberrima. Plant Dis- PD-43, Pitaloka MK, Petcharat V, Sunpapao A (2014) Cephaleuros solutus Karsten, as a causal agent of durian (Durio zibethinus Murray) algal leaf spot disease in Thailand. In this study Cephaleuros virescens was found to be the causal organism of a leaf spot disease on Para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). ALGAL LEAF SPOT. This nucleotide sequence was deposited in GenBank with accession number (AB984776) and compared to known Cephaleuros and other algal genus on the NCBI (the National Center for Biotechnology Information) databases. Bryopsis plumose represents the lack of similarity outside this group. Algal leaf spot is sometimes called green scurf because the spots may have a crusty, fuzzy or flaky appearance. ALGAL DISEASE Algal stem blotch Cephaleuros virescens Kunze ex Fries BACTERIAL DISEASES Bacterial canker Pseudomonas syringae van Hall Bacterial leaf scorch Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. Pitaloka, M.K., Petcharat, V., Arikit, S. et al. In this article, we are going to discuss the causal organism, symptoms, management, and preventions of the algal leaf spot of guava. Scabs were formed on heavily infected fruits. ... 9.2 Causal organism This leaf spot is caused by Pestalotia jodhpurensis. Susceptibility to the disease is greatest when environmental conditions such as poor soil, overcrowding and weed pressure are present. Furthermore, C. virescens has been documented to cause algal leaf spot on … The morphology of the algae (thallus, filamentous cells, sporangiophore, sporangia, gametangia and zoospore) were examined and found to consistently match the species Cephaleuros virescens. This is the first report of algal leaf disease on M. indica in Cameroon. Andersen RA (ed) (2005) Algal culturing techniques, Elsvier Academic Press, London, 578 p, Bischoff HW, Bold HC (1963) Phycological studies. Enfield Publishing and Distribution, United States of America, p 149, White TJ, Bruns TD, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. The disease is called algal leaf spot, algal fruit spot, and green scurf; Cephaleuros infections on tea and coffee plants have been called “red rust.” These are aerophilic, filamentous green algae. Dept of Horticultural Science | 2721 Founders Drive | Raleigh, NC 27695 | Phone: (919) 515-1240 produce a thallus on the leaf surface, with filaments bearing sporangiophores and sporangea (Thompson and Wujek 1997). Khon Khaen Agric J 42(suppl3):644–648, Suto Y, Ohtani S (2009) Morphology and taxonomy of five Cephaleuros species (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) from Japan, including three new species. A PCR product band about 700 bases was observed from Cephaleuros sample. Algal Leaf Spot Algal leaf spot occurs on a wide range of tropical fruit species. The black spot symptoms start as small black spots on the upper surface of the leaves. Macrophoma sp. Part of Springer Nature. Based on the symptoms observed and microscopic morphological studies, the recovered pathogen was identified as Cephaleuros virescens . volume 10, Article number: 4 (2015) Growth of the algae is mostly superficial and appears as raised blotches or patches ranging in inch on leaves.Leaf spots appear initially as a grayish green,brown or orange­like color Spots develop a velvety, cushion­like appearance on the plant surface as a result of the algal colony. On leaves of camellia and southern magnolia, the lichen Strigula appears as numerous small gray-white crusty spots (figure 4), which later turn yellow and are shed. Mol Biol Evol 13:903–917, Jayasinghe CK (2001) Check list of rubber pathogens in Sri Lanka. Wilt is the most important disease of guava. The length and width of sporangiophores and sporangia were 237.62 - 4645.85 × 15.5 μm and 20.6 - 41.32 × 20.6 μm, respectively. The PCR products were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis. Cephaleuros virescens, the cause of an algal leaf spot on Para rubber in Thailand. 1990) primer pair. Australasian Plant Disease Notes Cite this article. Para rubber trees need long periods of high rainfall to produce a high yield of latex and are therefore cultivated in southern Thailand where suitable weather occurs. The record of Cephaleuros solutus on durian was the first record of Cephaleuros sp. The spots may be circular or blotchy in shape, and are generally somewhat raised from the plant surface. IV. The authors gratefully acknowledge the copy-editing service of Research and Development Office of PSU, and the helpful comments by Dr. Alan Geater, we appreciate it. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-015-0158-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13314-015-0158-1, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in predominantly occur in tropical and subtropical regions. Australasian Plant Dis. Green algae in the genus Cephaleuros are known to be parasitic on several woody plants. Based on the leaf symptom and morphological characteristics of the algae as described in Fig. The disease is characterized by initial green coloured patches, as and when disease advances the organism turns red rusty spots on the leaves and young twig. Leaf tissue may die beneath the spots and the leaves may yellow and drop prematurely. The purpose of our study was to identify and characterize Cephaleuros species present on Para rubber in Thailand. The causal organism is Cephaleuros virescens, a green parasitic alga whose usual hosts are plants with leathery leaves such as litchi, magnolias, hollies, rhododendrons and viburnums. Algal leaf and fruit spot The alga causes spots on leaves and fruits and thus reduces the photosynthetic activity of the plant. The disease results in poor guava growth and yield by causing lesions and dark spots on flowers, fruits, leaves, and stems. A 94 % sequence identity confirmed it to be a member of the Cephaleuros group. subsp. Like other plants, Para rubber is attacked by several pathogens and one of the most frequently found is a leaf spot caused by a phytoparasitic algae. multiplex Schaad et al. This confirms C. virescens as a causal organism of algal leaf spot disease on rambutan in southern Thailand. Bacterial causal agent: Pseudomonas syringae pv. The PCR performed in 50 μl reaction volume containing 10 pmol of each primer, 2x DreamTaq Green PCR Master Mix (Thermo Scientific), and 50 ng of template DNA. Cephaleuros spp. Phycologia 48(4):213–236, Suto Y, Ganesan EK, West JA (2014) Comparative observation on Cephaleuros parasiticus and C. virescens (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) from India. Stem borer of guava is one of the group of insect pests that bore or feeds on the stem of guava plant and cause damage or reduce the growth rate and productivity of guava plant. National Science Foundation, Colombo, 47 p, La Rue CD (1923) Two unreport parasite of Hevea brasiliensis. Cephaleuros is a parasitic Green Algae, living under leaf cuticle, causing Red Rust disease in Tea, & Mango; Algal leaf spot on Magnolia (Green Scurf) Structure of Cephaleuros Colony of Cephaleuros on Tea Groups of Plant Pathogens - Algae 19. ... Related: Algal Leaf Spot Of Guava: Symptoms And Management. Paper from the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, 69–71, Munasinghe HL (1961) Algal spot of Hevea leaves in Ceylon. Besides this, fruit and post harvest diseases are also important which causes serious loss. Like other plants, Para rubber is attacked by several pathogens and one of the most frequently found is a leaf spot caused by a phytoparasitic algae. Bacterial leaf spot Burkholderia andropogonis (Smith) Gillis et al. an important fruit of subtropical countries is affected by about 177 pathogens of which, 167 are fungal, 3 bacterial, 3 algal, 3 nematodes and one epiphyte. Groups of Plant Pathogens – Algae (contd…) The causal organism is Cephaleuros virescens, a green parasitic alga whose usual hosts are plants with leathery leaves such as cotoneasters, magnolias, hollies, rhododendrons and viburnums. Parasitic algae are a foliar disease most commonly seen in warm humid climates or in greenhouses. Macrophoma rot Macrophoma mangiferae Neighbor joining tree showing the genetic relationships of Thai Cephaleuros (PSU-PR01) was in the same clade with Cephaleuros genus, while well separated from the other genus (Fig. Notes 10, 4 (2015). Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. Copper Oxychloride is for the control of fungal and bacterial diseases in fruit and vegetable crops, citrus, stone fruit, pome fruit… Read More. Stems and fruits may also be infected. The causal organism is Cephaleuros virescens, a green parasitic alga whose usual hosts are plants with leathery leaves such as cotoneasters, magnolias, hollies, rhododendrons and viburnums. This is also a fungal disease that affects the fruit and growth … Gray leaf spot Pestalotiopsis mangiferae = Pestalotia mangiferae. - 159.65.218.200. Some hosts may also have diseased twigs and branches that are girdled and stunted with reddish brown fruiting bodies. The morphology of the algae (thallus, filamentous cells, sporangiophore, sporangia, gametangia and zoospore) were examined and found to consistently match the species Cephaleuros virescens. Algal leaf spot is a foliar disease most commonly seen in warm, humid climates or in greenhouses. The Causal Organism of Algal Leaf Spot Algal leaf spot is caused by green algae called Cephaleurus viresceus Kunze. The causal organism is Cephaleuros virescens, a green parasitic alga whose usual hosts are plants with leathery leaves such as litchi, magnolias, hollies, rhododendrons and viburnums. The causal organism is a green parasitic alga whose usual hosts are plants with leathery leaves such as cotoneasters, magnolias, hollies, rhododendrons, and viburnums. Leaf tissues are colonized beneath the epidermis by algal filaments, but host cells are not penetrated (Chapman and Henk 1985). But, before we dive in, here is brief guide about this disease of guava: Algal leaf spot as the name implies is a disease that affects the growth of guava by reducing the … Anurag Sunpapao. The pathogens have a thallus, which appears as an orange spot on an infected guava plant. Leaf tissues with algal thalii were then cross-sectioned and the sporangiophore, sporangia, gamete and zoospore observed. During 2014–2015, algal spot disease was noticed in the guava orchards of northern and southern Thailand. 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