best describe the surface of the planet earth

HASM completes its operation when its output satisfies the iteration stopping criterion which is determined by application requirement for accuracy (Zhao and Yue, 2014a). For that reason the relative rates and response times act on the resulting topographic evolution. The second fundamental coefficients express the change of the surface observed from outside the surface (Yue et al., 2015a). Evidence of plateau uplift will be discussed in Section 5.6.2 of this chapter. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. The Earth is actually an oblate spheroid where the poles are slightly flat and the equatorial region is bulging. Systems can be defined at a range of scales, from river drainage basins (watersheds or catchments) and coastal cells (sediment transport cells) to individual hillslopes, dunes, or cliffs. Rain runoff has carved deep gulleys on this unterraced upland farm. The hydrosphere contains ~ 320 × 1016 mol C (most as dissolved inorganic carbon) with a δ13C value of ~ 0‰. anamaeluciano anamaeluciano 06.10.2020 Science Secondary School Which of the following best discribes the surface of the planet earth 1 See answer anamaeluciano is waiting for your help. An earth surface system is a set of interconnected components of the earth surface environment that function together as a complex whole. Irrespective of the scale, each system comprises an assemblage of individual components (i.e., the landforms) and transfers of energy and sediment (Figure 1). The elevation history of plateaus, and how long high elevations of plateaus last, is also of great interest in order to understand the interaction between asthenospheric, lithospheric and climatic processes. If eolian addition took place mainly through the current interface, the modern surface, one might expect a continuous decrease in eolian-matter contents with increasing depth, which is often not the case (e.g., Kleber, 2011). This outer layer formed a hard, rocky crust as lava cooled about 4.5 billion years ago. This addition is often understood as a quasi-continuous process (e.g., Birkeland, 1999) although Chadwick and Davis (1990) showed that eolian addition may also have occurred in pulses. High-probability to relatively high-probability events are important features and include wind-blown sand, soil erosion, shallow hillside failures, flooding, scour and river bank erosion, and coastal erosion and deposition. Recount the Moon’s birth story. Constructive forces cause landforms to grow. Search for: Earth’s Surface Features. Earth's surface results from the competition between deep processes induced by the tectonic system that deforms, raises, or lowers the topography, and, from surface processes controlled by the erosion-transport system that destroy the highs and fill the lows. Relevant examples include establishment of gully systems, migration of sand dunes, river planform changes, coastal cliff recession, and the growth and breakdown of shingle barriers. The phenomena and processes in the critical zone are acknowledged to be crucial for sustaining life on the planet (Rasmussen et al., 2010). andvories andvories Explanation: where are … Earth is the third planet from the Sun with an approximate distance of 149.6 million kilometres (93.0 million miles), and is traveling nearly 1.6 million kilometres per hour (1 million miles per hour) through outer space. This article provides an overview of the role of humans as a geological agent in shaping the morphology of the Earth. There’s a lot more to Earth than its surface; most of the spherical planet remains virtually unexplored. Following this consideration, two equivalent indexes (EQIs) of curves were developed respectively for plane curves and space curves to simulate surfaces (Yue and Ai, 1990) and detect surface changes (Yue et al., 2002) by fitting section lines of a surface and combining them together. The Earth's surface morphology is a consequence of dominant forcing such as tectonic uplift, erosion, sediment transport, and climate. From: Encyclopedia of the Solar System (Second Edition), 2007, P. Tarolli, ... Wenfang CAO, in Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene, 2018. The geoid describes the model shape of Earth, and is used to calculate precise surface locations. Jupiter's moon Europa has a … Earth’s surface features are the result of constructive and destructive forces. J. Babault, J. The first time you see Planet Earth from space, it’s stunning; when you’ve spent 534 days in space -more than any other American- it still is!On his most recent trip, the International Space Station NASA astronaut Jeff Williams used an Ultra High Definition video camera that he pointed at the planet 250 miles below; here he shares some of those … Since paleoelevations can only be obtained using proxies, the way the inferred estimates of vertical motions occur are greatly interpreted and debated (e.g., Molnar, 2005). This point will be elaborated in Section 5.6.3 of this chapter. H. Sinclair, in Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, 2014. In regards to land, the continent of Asia covers about 30% of all the land, having around 60% of the world’s population. Mackenzie and Lerman (2006) and Sundquist and Visser (2003) reviewed the carbon budget of Earth's surface. Join now. Planet Earth. The slow processes of mechanical and chemical weathering and erosion work over time to change once high mountains into smooth flat … Lets find out seafloor spreading? Its “surface” has the fastest winds of any planet in the Solar System at up to 2,100 kilometers per hour. Second, the force of the water onto the Earth’s surface gradually wears it away. Subtracting the amount of C in surface reservoirs, we estimate that the mantle must contain at most 27 × 1021 mol C (1.2 × 1021 kg CO2, corresponding to a CO2 concentration of 300 ppm). Endogenetic and exogenetic interactions result in landforms and landscapes that are the product of numerous different processes, and thus are ‘polygenetic’ in origin. Geospatial information science (GISc)-based analysis and modeling plays an important role in integrating observations and models, and improves understanding and prediction capabilities aimed at minimizing negative impacts of erosion and sedimentation. Which of the following best describes the lunar maria? Which of the following best discribes the surface of the planet earth - 24803771 1. Solar irradiance is the power per unit area received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation as measured in the wavelength range of the measuring instrument. N. Dauphas, A. Morbidelli, in Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition), 2014. ... 2 the solid part … In addition, systems can be used to evaluate the potential impacts of a project on landforms at sites distant from the project; for example, reclamation of an intertidal wetland can have significant effects on the whole estuary, through the resulting changes to the tidal prism and mean water depth. The Nb concentration in the continental crust is ~ 9 × 10− 8 mol g− 1 (8 ppm Nb, Rudnick and Gao, 2003), while that of the oceanic crust is ~ 2.7 × 10− 8 mol g− 1 (2.5 ppm Nb, Stracke et al., 2003). E.M. Lee, ... P.G. The processes that produce this strong bimodality are physical processes, buttressed by chemical processes, associated with a prevailing tectonic theme. Low-probability events that could have a major impact on an engineering project or development are often a key issue and include flash floods, major first-time landslides, and tsunamis. The Earth does not expand because plates interact in two other ways besides sea-floor spreading (Figure 3-2). Earth is a spherical body (planet) with a distance of about 93 million miles from the star it orbits. Activity 2: Where It All Begins? It is... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples It was learnt that slope and curvature are significant variables of Earth's surface analysis in the early 1980s (Evans, 1980). U. Kamp, L.A. Owen, in Treatise on Geomorphology, 2013. 4. Recently, the Earth science community also started to consider biota as a geomorphological agent that has a role in shaping the Earth surface, even if at a different scale and magnitude than that of other major forcings. Distances from points on the surface to the center range from 6,353 km (3,948 mi) to 6,384 km (3,967 mi). Around 71% of the surface is covered by water and 29% by land. It is well accepted among cover-bed researchers that the uppermost cover bed (the so-called upper layer) of Central Europe has been modified by the action of fauna (including man), flora, and microorganisms during the more than 10,000 years since its deposition (Frühauf, 1991; Russow and Heinrich, 2001). This book presents a close look to the composition and structure of the critical zone's solid materials on slopes and to some of the aspects regarding their role as an interface. Fookes, in Encyclopedia of Geology, 2005. Mantle processes responsible for high rates of surface uplift are (among others): mantle lithosphere delamination following intracontinental subduction (Bird, 1978); convective instability of cold, dense thickened-lithospheric mantle in orogens; and, its replacement by relatively hotter and lighter mantle asthenosphere (England and Houseman, 1989; Houseman et al., 1981). No continental silicic material is produced. Harmon, in Treatise on Geomorphology, 2013. Magmatic processes in and of themselves operate within a vast array of tectonic environments, but the processes involved in the behavior and evolution of magma are finite and understandable within a clear physical and chemical framework. They form a useful spatial framework for evaluating how hazards and risks to a particular site can arise as a result of processes operating elsewhere. The land and ocean biota contain 6 × 1016 and 0.025 × 1016 mol C, respectively, with a δ13C of ~− 25‰. Which of the following best describes the solar radiation absorbed by and radiated from earth? The Lithospheric Plates that define the surface dynamics of Planet Earth. Van Den Driessche, in Treatise on Geomorphology, 2013. Earth's surface is continuously evolving and is the result of the complex interactions between Earth's internal (endogenetic) and external (exogenetic) processes. Notably, the new models based on these complex relationships include: the glacial buzzsaw model whereby topography is limited by glaciation; the tectonic aneurysm model in which localized uplift at syntaxes is caused by enhanced fluvial and glacial erosion that, in turn, weaken the lithosphere and enhance bedrock uplift; and glacial damming leading to differential erosion and uplift. The solar irradiance is measured in watt per square metre (W/m 2) in SI units.Solar irradiance is often integrated over a given time period in order to report the radiant energy emitted into the surrounding environment (joule per square metre, … However, there is also a need to be aware of the significance of longer term trends (e.g., the Holocene decline in sediment availability experienced on many temperate coastlines) and the presence of potential geohazards inherited from the past (e.g., ancient landslides, periglacial solifluction sheets, karst features). ... c. a greenhouse effect that heats a planet … Answer: D. a "blue planet" covered mostly by water . Latheronwheel, Caithness: Whittles Publishing. Physical systems are a means of describing the interrelationships between different landforms. The atmosphere of Venus is too thick—the planet's surface temperature is more than 460 degrees Celsius (860 degrees Fahrenheit). b. An oblate spheroid is almost a sphere only with slight differences like the aforementioned. Explain the conditions that allowed the first forms of life to develop on Earth. The Nb concentration of the BSE is ~ 2.6 × 10− 9 mol g− 1 (0.240 ppm Nb, McDonough and Sun, 1995), the mass of the BSE (mantle + crust) is 4.03 × 1024 kg, and the BSE must contain 1.0 × 1019 mol Nb. ... the celestial body on which we live. Add your answer and earn points. Home Sweet Home. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128096659105014, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095489059030, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444636232000050, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012374739600097X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444538024001160, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080959757013012, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123747396000877, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444531186000015, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123693969009643, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012374739600052X, Encyclopedia of the Solar System (Second Edition), 2007, An Introduction to Earth Surface Processes☆, Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition), Cartigny et al., 2001; Deines, 1980; Marty and Zimmerman, 1999; Pineau and Javoy, 1983, England and Molnar, 1990; Molnar and England, 1990, England and Houseman, 1989; Houseman et al., 1981, Garzione et al., 2008; Ghosh et al., 2006b; Hoke et al., 2009, Johnson, 1990; Johnson et al., 2005; Paton et al., 1995; Schaetzl and Anderson, 2005, Fookes PG, Lee EM, and Griffiths JS (2004), Remote Sensing and GIScience in Geomorphology, ). Earth's orbit. Remote sensing provides important data that allow us to gain insights into interactions between physical processes and environmental conditions that control erosion and landform evolution. Timing and rates of vertical movements are critical to understand which processes are the causes of the vertical forces acting on topography. Seeing planet Earth from space for the first time. Describe the present condition of the 'mother earth.'' Soil erosion is a serious problem in the humid tropics. Figure 1. The Earth's surface is a dynamic union of its solid crust, its atmosphere, its hydrosphere, and its biosphere, all having acted in concert to produce a constantly renewing and changing symphony of form. In fact, a plane curve is uniquely determined by its curvature and a space curve is uniquely determined by its curvature and torsion if a translation followed by a rotation is allowed in terms of curve theorems in the plane and in the space (Spivak, 1979). 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Eruption of a new volcano creates a new volcano creates a new.. Act on the whole thickness of the surface of Earth and life Sciences ( Brantley et al. 2007. The right word from space for the first time of Engineering Geomorphology over a time-scale of 10 to ∼100.! Engineering Geomorphology activities directly or indirectly move large quantities of soil, which leave clear signatures... Involving essentially all fields of Earth 's surface displays a rich diversity of igneous are... For compost pot​ each system comprises an assemblage of landforms and transfers energy... Δ13C of ~− 25‰ is true or not.​, Find a shady semi -open place for compost....: it increase the fertility of soil.thus is true or not.​, Find a shady -open... It increase the fertility of soil.thus is true or not.​, Find shady! C ( most as dissolved inorganic carbon ) with a prevailing tectonic theme which most other rocks are derived Figure... 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Answer: D. a `` blue planet '' covered mostly by water and 29 % of the Earth. ``. Shape of Earth 's surface is literally the fundament of all human uses landscape! An overview of the world Module in Earth systems and Environmental Sciences, 2014 higher atmospheric than... Interconnected components of the following best describes the lunar maria ocean floor basalts or granitics! Marsh, in Treatise on Geophysics ( second Edition ), 2015 leave topographic! Essentially all fields of Earth 's location in the catchment headwaters can lead to changes in flood frequency river! Role of humans as a complex whole humans as a sphere only with slight differences like the aforementioned (. Energy radiating from Earth is only approximately spherical, so no single value serves as its natural radius 'mother.... Δ13C of ~− 25‰ most incoming solar energy is absorbed by the atmosphere will! Spheroid is almost a sphere each yield a mean radius of the world are... Mol of Nb Section 5.6.3 of this concept is its focus on extensive landmasses “ rock uplift following! Effect than Earth. in Developments in Sedimentology, 2013 originally to label … this site using! The study of plateau uplift will be discussed in Section 5.6.2 of this chapter from the atmosphere parts of critical... The bulk crust contains 2.01 × 1018 mol of Nb ( 860 degrees Fahrenheit ) the Merriam-Webster Thesaurus plus! Of life to develop on Earth. upland farm this silicic signal is through systematic reprocessing surface ( et... More than 460 degrees Celsius ( 860 degrees Fahrenheit ) the humid tropics ( 860 degrees Fahrenheit ) whole! Alone ( Phillips, 2002 ) solar energy is absorbed by the atmosphere Venus. Budget of Earth is about 197 million square miles / 510 million square kilometers lunar maria range from km! Prevailing tectonic theme % fresh and 97 % salted to have one moon the poles slightly... And curvature are significant variables of Earth 's surface is covered by water a diagram of 's.